HISTORY

What weather actually does

Every call this site makes rests on a claim: that weather changes the game. These are that claim, counted rather than modelled — one record per sport, because the sports do not answer the same way, plus the grounds themselves.

NFL The Weather Penalty 27 seasons, 1999–2025. Scoring and the market's under-rate by wind, plus what changes on the field. Open College The Saturday Penalty 13 seasons, 2013–2025. Rain matters more than wind here, and cold hurts kicks without touching passing. Open Baseball The Carry 13 seasons, 30,054 games. The wind turns out to be a park story, not a league one — and Wrigley is not a myth. Open Venues Where the Games Get Played Every open-air ground, ranked by how often it has actually been cold, windy or wet during play — 35,000+ games, all three sports. Open

All four are rebuilt from open data — nflverse and sportsdataverse for the football games, Retrosheet's game logs for the baseball, and observed weather from NOAA's hourly station archives (the Integrated Surface Database and its successor, GHCNh, which also reach the stations outside the United States that baseball needs), with gaps filled from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's ASOS archive.